European Space Agency (ESA)

This astronaut crossed the Kármán Line (100 km), the internationally accepted boundary of space.

Crossed Kármán Line

This astronaut is the first man from Netherlands to go to space.

First Man from Netherlands

Wubbo J. Ockels (28 March 1946 – 18 May 2014) was a Dutch physicist and astronaut born in Almelo and raised in Groningen, the Netherlands. He earned degrees in physics and mathematics from the University of Groningen and completed a PhD in 1978, conducting nuclear physics research and developing experimental detection systems. Selected by the European Space Agency in 1978 as a payload specialist, he trained with NASA and flew on Space Shuttle Challenger’s STS-61A (Spacelab D-1) mission in 1985, becoming the first Dutch citizen in space and logging over 168 hours across 110 Earth orbits while contributing to more than 75 scientific experiments. After his spaceflight, Ockels worked at ESA’s ESTEC centre and later became a professor at Delft University of Technology, focusing on sustainable aerospace engineering and leading innovative renewable energy projects, including successful student teams in the World Solar Challenge. Courtesy of ESA.

STS-61-A (Challenger)

A Space Shuttle mission funded completely by West Germany. This marked the first time payload operations on a U.S. mission were not conducted from NASA centers but from West Germany instead. Challenger flew with the Spacelab module, containing 76 scientific experiments. With eight crewmembers, this mission holds the record for "most people on a single spacecraft for launch and landing."

The first reusable launch and landing spacecraft, the Space Shuttle began a new chapter of human space exploration. It launched like a rocket but landed on a runway like a plane. Shuttle crews deployed dozens of commercial satellites and two interplanetary probes to Venus and Jupiter. The Shuttle served as a mini space station and hosted hundreds of biomedical, psychological, physiological, materials science, and physics experiments that have directly benefited life on Earth. The five flight-worthy Shuttles -- Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour -- flew 135 missions over 30 years. The Shuttles helped construct the Russian Mir space station and brought nearly 80% of the International Space Station to orbit. Shuttles also deployed and serviced the Hubble Space Telescope.

Space Shuttle

Wubbo Ockels

Netherlands

NASA

STS-4 (Columbia)

The final test flight of the Space Shuttle program. It was the final time NASA assigned a complete backup crew for their missions until the International Space Station program. Columbia finished proving the Shuttle's capabilities on this flight, allowing NASA to declare the Shuttle "operational." Columbia landed on July 4th, after which President Reagan greeted the crew and Columbia's sister Shuttle, the newly completed Challenger, performed a ceremonial flyover while mounted to the back of a 747 aircraft.

STS-41-D (Discovery)

The maiden voyage of the Space Shuttle Discovery. A June 26th launch attempt ended at T-6.4 seconds after two of the three Shuttle main engines had started to ignite. The pad abort triggered a hydrogen fire under Discovery, damaging the Space Shuttle. The abort led to major improvements in Shuttle abort safety guidelines and procedures and forced a two month delay to the flight, during which NASA cancelled STS-41-F and transferred its payload to this mission. After launch, the crew deployed three communications satellites for the U.S. (2) and Canada (1) and tested solar array technology. The flight marked the first time a company commercially sponsored an employee to fly on the Space Shuttle to perform one of its experiments.

Henry W. Hartsfield Jr.

United States of America

First African American Man in Space

STS-8 (Challenger)

On this mission, the crew deployed an Indian communications satellite and performed biomedical experiments. It was the first spaceflight to use the TDRS network and marked the first night launch and landing of the Space Shuttle. Challenger ferried the first African-American (second person of African descent) to space on this flight.

STS-53 (Discovery)

Classified Department of Defense mission.

STS-39 (Discovery)

This was the first unclassified mission for the Department of Defense and saw the crew operate and perform numerous external and internal scientific experiments.

Guion S. Bluford Jr.

STS-29 (Discovery)

This mission deployed the fourth NASA TDRS satellite and conducted a variety of experiments.

STS-48 (Discovery)

Discovery's crew of five deployed NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite to study human effects on the ozone and performed a variety of experiments.

STS-51-C (Discovery)

The first classified Department of Defense Space Shuttle mission. Discovery was launched at or near the minimum air temperature the Solid Rocket Boosters were certified for at the time. After launch, it was discovered that a significant anomaly with all the O-ring seals on both Solid Rocket Boosters had occurred. All O-rings were found to be burned. In one place, the hot gasses from the rocket boosters had burned completely through the primary O-ring and nearly burned through the secondary seal -- which would have caused a Challenger-like failure. Morton Thiokol (who built the solid rockets) and NASA upper management both dismissed concerns raised by this finding. The Space Shuttle kept flying.

James F. Buchli

This astronaut has spent over a month in space.

Space Resident

STS-51-G (Discovery)

Discovery's crew deployed three satellites for Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and the U.S. They also released the Spartan 1 free-flying science platform for a few days of independent flight before re-capturing it and bringing it back to Earth. The mission marked the first time an Arab, Muslim, and member of a royal family flew to space.

STS-55 (Columbia)

The second German-sponsored Space Shuttle flight saw 88 experiments from 11 nations taken to orbit.  A March launch attempt ended at T-3 seconds with an on-pad abort and emergency shutdown of Columbia's engines after a failure was detected.

STS-37 (Atlantis)

Atlantis' crew deployed the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory after an unplanned spacewalk to unstick the Observatory's communications antennas. The crew also practiced moving equipment and people around a future space station using a small mock-up in the Shuttle's payload bay.

Steven R. Nagel

STS-89 (Endeavour)

This mission was the eighth time a Space Shuttle docked to Mir, and was Endeavour's only visit to the Russian space station, delivering a new NASA crewmember to the outpost.

STS-50 (Columbia)

The U.S. Microgravity Laboratory 1 mission tested and proved materials, fluid physics, and biotechnology science operations for what would become the International Space Station.

STS-32 (Columbia)

This mission saw the deployment of a Defense communications satellite and the years-delayed retrieval of the Long Duration Exposure Facility launched on STS-41-C. Lasting 11 days, NASA used this mission to test a crew's ability to function and fly the Space Shuttle after a long mission.

STS-71 (Atlantis)

In a historic step toward the International Space Station, Atlantis performed the first docking of a U.S. Space Shuttle to the Russian space station Mir. A U.S. astronaut permanently joined Mir's crew.

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